David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. c. the conscious mind. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? b. Rogers. If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. Consider your parents for a minute. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. How so? Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. 134. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. d. brain circuits. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? a. 2.3.1.5. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. Neurotransmitters. d. Freud. 51. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. Unconditioned means unlearned. c. illogical thinking. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. d. displacement. 42. c. sociocultural Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. 76. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. a. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? 47. b. prevention. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). "That's all right. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements. a. 87. See Figure 2.4 below. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. c. intellectualization. Evaluating the cognitive model. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. a. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. b. Freud. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. 132. Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. c. unconditional positive regard. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. b. ego. d. fixation. 2.2.1.4. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. b. unconditional self-regard. Postconditioning. Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. c. psychodynamic. c. regression. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. 19. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. 12. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. They are tied to experiences early in life. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Marvin is very afraid of dogs. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: a. catharsis. 2. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). Neural transmission. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. This is known as b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. b. modeling. c. ineffective treatment options. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. b. operant conditioning. d. frustrating the client. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. c. operant conditioning. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. c. people are driven to self-actualize. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Then, Jones gave the child some pleasant food (i.e., something sweet such as cookies [Panel C]; remember the response to the food is unlearned, i.e., Panel A). What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? Hmm. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. c. gestalt therapy. Why? This is called the absolute refractory period. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. 29. 162. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. c. resistance. 70. a. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. b. behavior-focused therapists. Chapters 1,2,3,&4 Test Jeopardy Template b. learned behavior. 52. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. c. psychoanalytic theory. d. bipolar disorder. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. d. cognitive. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. 1. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. 85. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. 2.3.3.2. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. c. psychodynamic This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. a. modeling. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? 73. How so? Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. 2.2.3.1. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. b. cognitive-behavioral. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. c. humanistic-existential Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. b. sociocultural A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: a. focuses on less serious problems. c. psychoanalysts. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. d. Genes do not interact with the environment. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). d. cognitive-behavioral. 2.2.2.3. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. c. sociocultural. b. the pleasure principle. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. What is it? Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. d. sociocultural. Hormonal imbalances. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. c. result of childhood trauma. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. d. propositions. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). b. ethnographic studies. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? c. repression. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. 2.3.2.2. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. This is a physical aspect of what disease? The same is true of borderline personality disorder. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. 89. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? You are doing your best. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. a. Fritz Perls b. Joseph Wolpe c. Abraham Maslow d. Aaron Beck, 123. 117. 17. 119. Schemas and cognitive errors. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). d. cognition-focused. ABNORMAL CHAPTER 3 - Subjecto.com Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. a. Perls. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. The perspectives do offer hope to people suffering tragedy by asserting that we control our destiny and can make our own choices. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. c. neurons. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. 33. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. d. self-help therapy. 2.3.1.2. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment.
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