[484] Two of these, the Mariano Marcos State University in Ilocos Norte,[485] and the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University in La Union,[486] were named after Marcos's father Mariano. [114][115], With an eye towards becoming the first president of the third republic to be reelected to a second term, Marcos began taking up massive foreign loans to fund the "rice, roads, and school buildings" he promised in his reelection campaign. [94], The biggest controversy arising from Marcos's service during World War II, however, would concern his claims during the 1962 Senatorial Campaign of being "most decorated war hero of the Philippines"[29] He claimed to have been the recipient of 33 war medals and decorations, including the Distinguished Service Cross and the Medal of Honor, but researchers later found that stories about the wartime exploits of Marcos were mostly propaganda, being inaccurate or untrue. Philippines. Mr Marcos Sr, his wife Imelda and their cronies plundered an estimated $10bn (8.1bn) of public money while in power, when millions of Filipinos were living in extreme poverty. [317], In 2013, Philippine Congress passed Republic Act 10368 or the Human Rights Victims Reparation and Recognition Act of 2013. [503] Those published during his term are believed to have been written by ghostwriters,[504] notably Adrian Cristobal. The more popular properties among those in this empire are the multimillion-dollar New York real estate investments, California banks and Swiss bank accounts; lesser known ones are villas in Austria, London, and Rome,gold and diamond investments in South Africa, and banks and hotels in Israel. Ferdinand Marcos Sr remained unburied for decades after his death. When he fled to Hawaii by way of Guam,[275] he also brought with him 22 crates of cash valued at $717 million, 300 crates of assorted jewelry with undetermined value, $4 million worth of unset precious gems contained in Pampers diaper boxes, 65 Seiko and Cartier watches, a 12 by 4ft box crammed full of real pearls, a 3ft solid gold statue covered in diamonds and other precious stones, $200,000 in gold bullion and nearly $1 million in Philippine pesos, and deposit slips to banks in the US, Switzerland, and the Cayman Islands worth $124 million, which he all amassed during his dictatorship. The entourage were first billeted inside the housing facilities of Hickam Air Force Base. Throughout the entire process of the purchase, Yao and his associates hid their identities from the Seattle attorney and worked through Simeon Dee until the final negotiations. [148], Massive foreign loans enabled Marcos to build more schools, hospitals and infrastructure than all of his predecessors combined,[13] but crippled the Philippine economy. [72] He subsequently converted to Catholicism to marry Imelda Trinidad Romualdez. Marcos's second term was characterized by social unrest, beginning with the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which was already underway during the second inauguration. PHILCAG reached a strength of some 1,600 troops in 1968 and between 1966 and 1970 over 10,000 Filipino soldiers served in South Vietnam, mainly being involved in civilian infrastructure projects. The RICO Act focuses specifically on racketeering and allows the leaders of a syndicate to be tried for the crimes they ordered others to do or assisted them in doing, closing a perceived loophole. Marcos Sr's rule ended in 1986, when a mass uprising saw millions of people take to the streets and the Marcos family - including a 28-year-old Bongbong - fled the country for Hawaii. [406][pageneeded] The Netherlands Antilles served as the home for more than 35,000 shell companies of Marcos in order to invest anonymously in overseas financial markets and US real estate. Its budget is second to the national government. The amount is also equivalent to almost half of the combined GNP of the world's top 10 economies in 1998. . [129] The Marcos administration ran to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for help, and the IMF offered a debt restructuring deal. Taking full advantage of their prominence, Ferdinand Marcos Jr., son of the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos Sr., has teamed up with Sara Duterte, daughter of President Rodrigo Duterte in the. [244][245] The external debt of the Philippines rose more than 70-fold from $360 million in 1962 to $26.2 billion in 1985,[246] making the Philippines one of the most indebted countries in Asia. [500] All of which, Marcos granted. [449], Masagana 99 also included a supervised credit scheme, which was supposed to provide farmers with the funds needed to pay for the program's technology package. [77] He also claimed that his ancestor was a 16th century pirate, Limahong (Chinese: ), who used to raid the coasts of the South China Sea. 061204", "Court ruling hinders Marcos victims seeking funds", "CA rejects Marcos victims' claims for $2B damages", "11,103 victims of human rights violations under Martial Law to get compensation", "Marcos victims push for second claims board", "Final list of Marcos victims qualified for funds released", "DEBT,DEPRIVATION AND THE SPOILS OF DICTATORSHIP", "Different legacies: Ferdinand Marcos and Lee Kuan Yew", "15 things Lee Kuan Yew said about the Philippines", "Ninoy networked with everyone, Reds included", "Nuns and Priests Working With Communists Divide Church", "I saw martial law up close and personal", "TORTYUR: Human Rights Violations During The Marcos Regime, published in 'For Democracy & Human Rights, Rekindling Lessons from Martial Law & People Power Revolt', "Look Back: The Philippine Constabulary under Marcos", "Why not ask Ramos and Enrile about Martial Law", "It is Ramos who should apologize over Martial Law 'abuses', "Batas militar: A documentary about martial law in the Philippines", "3,257: Fact checking the Marcos killings, 19751985", Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, "A Martial Law victim's story of healing", "Detention and torture by Marcos military", "Atenista who exposed the Marcos torture machine", "To young Filipinos who never knew martial law and dictatorship", "Liliosa Hilao: First Martial Law detainee killed", "44 years too long: The martial-law victims, 'desaparecidos' and the families left behind", "Family secret: How Primitivo Mijares disappeared", "No grave, no justice for martial law victims", "And many disappeared in the prime of youth", "Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) - Dictionary definition of Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary", "Marcos and the First Quarter Storm Part II: Of Pillboxes and Firearms", "Massacres, incidents of violence against farmers", Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines, 11 28 Nov 1981, "19 Years After 'Bloody Thursday,' Terror Still Stalks Escalante", "Before Martial Law, there was the Tacub Massacre", "VERA FILES FACT SHEET: Palimbang massacre and Marcos' other transgressions against the Bangsamoro", "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Bongbong Marcos falsely claims martial law horrors fabricated", "Martial Law in the eyes of the late strongman Marcos' son", "Enrile's memoir gives me sleepless nights", "Imee says HR abuses during father's rule are just 'political accusations', "Hunt for Marcos's Billions Yields More Dead Ends Than Hard Cash", "End of 30-Year Hunt for Marcos Billions? Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. urges Filipino scientists, researchers to remain in PH and serve as gov't' partners in nation-building. After several months of negotiations and with the increasing loan defaults, Mr. Lopez conceded defeat. He is running for Congress and has featured heavily in the campaign, especially online, where his. Later on the State Department announced the Marcoses were not immune from legal charges, and within weeks hundreds of cases had been filed against them. [469]:117, Data from the Philippines' Forest Management Bureau indicates that the rate of forest destruction in the Philippines was about 300,000 hectares (740,000 acres) per year during the 1960s and 1970s, such that by 1981, the Food and Agriculture Organization classified 2 million hectares of Philippine forests "severely degraded and incapable of regeneration".[470]. 889, through which he assumed emergency powers and suspended the writ of habeas corpus[182] an act which would later be seen as a prelude to the declaration of martial law more than a year later. Some US Court of Appeals of the Ninth Circuit confirmed a contempt judgement in relation to the assets of Imelda and her son Bongbong in the United States. Ferdie and Meldy's House of love, lies, and loot - VERA Files [74] Marcos's fourth child with Ortega was born after his marriage to Imelda. [102]:128. [349] Mutilated remains were often dumped on roadsides in public display in order to spread a sense of fear and to intimidate opponents from encouraging actions against the government turning the Philippines into a theater state of terror. Among other things, the Communiqu recognizes that "there is but one China and that Taiwan is an integral part of Chinese territory" In turn, Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai also pledged that China would not intervene in the internal affairs of the Philippines nor seek to impose its policies in Asia, a move which isolated the local communist movement that China had financially and militarily supported. He selected Arturo Tolentino as his running mate. Government funds were often siphoned off by Marcos or his cronies. [241], In The Making of the Philippines, Frank Senauth (p.103) says:[242], Marcos himself diverted large sums of government money to his party's campaign funds. [148], Groups considered "radical" by the media of the time included:[139], When Marcos became president in 1965, Philippine policy and politics functioned under a post-World War II geopolitical framework. Marcos would later go on to seek the help of other private banks in Switzerland, Hong Kong, Austria, Panama, Liechtenstein, and the Netherlands Antilles. [60] Marcos won the presidency in 1965.[111]. "[372], The Philippine Supreme Court considers all Marcos assets beyond their legally declared earnings/salary to be ill-gotten wealth[373] and such wealth to have been forfeited in favor of the government or human rights victims. This discontent, the resulting resurgence of the opposition in the 1984 Philippine parliamentary election, and the discovery of documents exposing his financial accounts and false war records led Marcos to call the snap election of 1986. [264] This electoral exercise was marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering of election results. "[346], Various forms of torture were used by the military, and these forms of torture were usually combined with each other. Alex Bowie/Getty Images. 1941 which recognizes and supports CIBI as a suitable credit bureau to promote the development and maintenance of rational and efficient credit processes in the financial system and in the economy as a whole. After he served as member of the House of Representatives for three terms, Marcos won his senate seat in the elections in 1959 and became the Senate minority floor leader in 1960. They have established themselves in the country's politics, having established a political dynasty[3][4] that traces its beginnings to the 1925 election of Mariano Marcos to the Philippine House of Representatives as congressman for the second district of Ilocos Norte;[5] reached its peak during the 21-year rule of Ferdinand Marcos as president of the Philippines that included his 14-year dictatorship beginning with the declaration of Martial Law throughout the country;[5][6] and continues today with the political careers of Imelda Marcos, Imee Marcos, Sandro Marcos and reached its peak again with the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos Jr.[7], Imee Marcos has attributed the continued reign of the Marcos family to the inherent feudalism of Philippine culture. The Center for Research and Communication, a Philippine private think-tank, estimated that Marcos and his cronies took away not only $10 million but $30 billion since the 1950s. Marcos's KBL party won 137 seats, while Pusyon Bisaya led by Hilario Davide Jr., who later became the Minority Floor Leader, won 13 seats. [406][pageneeded][408] Included in the acquisition are 600 Pike Street, 614 Pike Street, 1506 Sixth Avenue, 1520 Sixth Avenue, 151 Seventh Avenue, 1521 Seventh Avenue and 1575 Seventh Avenue. Artur Widak/NurPhoto via Getty Images. In August 1953, their engagement was announced in Manila dailies. [363] Thousands of Moro Muslims were killed during the Marcos regime, prompting them to form insurgent groups and separatist movements such as the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), which became more radical with time due to atrocities against Muslims. [497][498] Economists generally view Masagana 99 as a failure. [143], Marcos's suspension of the writ became the event that forced many members of the moderate opposition, such as Edgar Jopson, to join the ranks of the radicals. Other peripheral members of the Rolex 12 included Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr. and Lucio Tan. [499], All five American presidents from 1965 to 1985 were unwilling to jeopardize the US-Marcos relationship, mainly to protect and retain access of the US military bases in the Philippines. Imelda's daughter laments there are no granddaughters to inherit The officials of PLDT needed to be investigated for violations of foreign currency regulations and unearned income. In the years 19731974, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) started applying the oil prize squeeze. [444], At the time the project was conceived, there was not a need yet for a bridge that connects Leyte and Samar, for both of these provinces were still relatively underdeveloped. In November 1998, the Hawaii Supreme Court overturned the ruling, but still maintained the award of US$6 million for the illegal arrest and torture experienced by Roxas.[303][304]. [100] Eventually, Marcos ran for his father's old post as representative of the 2nd district of Ilocos Norte and won three consecutive terms, serving in the House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959. They speculate that Moscow considered his control of legal bodies and his readiness to be 'ruthless' would thwart any popular opposition. Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (UK: /mrks/ MAR-koss, US: /-kos, -ks/ -kohss, -kawss,[5][6] Tagalog:[maks]; September 11, 1917September 28, 1989) was a Filipino politician, lawyer, dictator,[7][8][9] and kleptocrat[10][11][12] who was the 10th president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. This and other related reforms resulted in high profits for transnational corporations, but were generally harmful to small, peasant farmers who were often pushed into poverty. [492] According to Imee Marcos in 2006, many of the thousands of proclamations, decrees, and executive orders Marcos issued were still in force, and few have been repealed, revoked, modified or amended. Ferdinand Marcos Jr triumphs in Philippines presidential election The walkout of computer technicians was led by Linda Kapunan[265] and the technicians were protected by Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) officers led by her husband Lt. Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan. In adherence to the order, Central Bank of the Philippines organized the Credit Information Exchange System under the department of Loans and Credit. The next major protest took place on January 30, in front of the presidential palace,[158] where activists rammed the gate with a fire truck and once the gate broke and gave way, the activists charged into the Palace grounds tossing rocks, pillboxes, and Molotov cocktails. [130][347], Victims included Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila student Liliosa Hilao,[350] Archimedes Trajano and Juan Escandor. [103][104], Soon after being elected, Marcos developed close relations with the officers of the Philippine military,[102] and began expanding the armed forces by allowing loyal generals to stay in their positions past their retirement age, or giving them civilian government posts. [6]:23 Mariano Marcos, his brother Pio, his son Ferdinand, and his brother-in-law Quirino Lizardo all became suspects. [243], To help finance a number of economic development projects, the Marcos government borrowed large amounts of money from international lenders. [263] The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), declared Marcos the winner. [255][pageneeded] The failure of the recovery program was further augmented by civil unrest, rampant graft and corruption within the government, and Marcos's lack of credibility. Ferdinand 'Bongbong' Marcos Jr. praises dictator father during After the Three Mile Island incident in the United States, construction of the nuclear power plant was stopped. To obtain additional aid, Marcos often leveraged on threats that caught the attention of the US government. [90] Though Marcos's rifle was found in its gun rack in the U.P. [137][138][139], Marcos responded to both groups with military force. [406][pageneeded] Velasco, using either Decision Research Management, a shell company in Hong Kong, or through Velasco's nephew, Alfredo de Borja, purchased several expenses properties in California, including a mansion in Woodside for $1.5 million (price as of 1986), a condominium in Los Angeles for $675,000 (price as of June 3, 1982) and a luxury condominium in San Francisco for $400,000 (price as of 1984). [290], Rudy Giuliani pressed for indicting of the Marcoses for violating the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the Marcos administration and wanted to join the opposition after 1971 often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group vocally offering opposition to the Marcos government. [234] Many people questioned whether he still had capacity to govern, due to his grave illness and the ballooning political unrest. But it was a high-profile murder on an August afternoon in 1983 that triggered the eventual downfall of Mr Marcos Sr. Opposition leader Benigno Aquino had been in exile in the United States after fleeing the Marcos regime. Radicalized activists from the cities began to be more extensively deployed in rural areas were some became guerillas. These new oligarchs were known to be insatiable and more profligate than the oligarchs of pre-martial law days. In 1996, the lower court awarded US$22 billion in favor of GBC, making this the largest award in any civil case in the history of the United States. [196]:13[197][198], According to Marcos's book Notes on the New Society, it was a movement urging the poor and the privileged to work as one for the common goals of society and to achieve the liberation of the Filipino people through self-realization. Look at them. [102] He also significantly increased the budget of the armed forces, tapping them in civil projects such as the construction of schools. The Philippines may vote Bongbong Marcos into office, even though his In Philippines election, late dictator's son aims to restore family [406][pageneeded] The compliance of private banks with anonymous individuals looking to deposit their money enabled money laundering. The 64-year-old Mr Marcos Jr, who is widely popular among young Filipinos, has faced accusations of attempting to whitewash his father's regime by citing economic growth and minimising its human rights abuses. Her collection of more than 3,000 pairs - found in the presidential palace after the family had fled - came to symbolise the family's extravagance. [97], After the surrender of the Japanese and the end of World War II, the American government became preoccupied with setting up the Marshall Plan to revive the economies of the western hemisphere, and quickly backtracked from its interests in the Philippines, granting the islands independence on July 4, 1946. Youth and family Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was born on September 11, 1917, in Sarrat, a village in the Ilocos North region of the island of Luzon in the Philippines. In 1979, Marcos put a range of 11 heavy industrialization projects[471] on the Philippines' economic agenda. At this point, Marcos controlled both the oligarchy and the oligopoly. As many student activists like Edgar Jopson and Rigoberto Tiglao, farmers like Bernabe Buscayno, journalists like Satur Ocampo, legal political opposition (Ninoy Aquino[324] and fellow candidate in 1978 election Alex Boncayao[219]), and priest and nuns joined or developed relationships with communist rebels,[325] many farmers,[326] student protesters,[327] leftists,[207] political opponents,[328] journalists and members of the media[329][330] accused of being members or sympathizing with the CPP, NPA or MNLF[331] or of plotting against the government were frequent targets of human rights violations. [449], Its goal was to promote Philippine rice self-sufficiency by raising the Philippines' average palay crop yield from 40 cavans per hectare to 99 cavans (4.4 tons)[450] per hectare. With Philippine . They had three children: Irene, Ferdinand Jr and Imee. [417] These oligarchs plundered government financing institutions to finance their corporate raiding, monopolies and various takeover schemes. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr. wins the Philippine election When Imelda and Ferdinand got married on May 1, 1954, with Imelda unaware of Ferdinand's first family, Carmen Ortega and her children were moved out of the San Juan house. He declared martial law in 1972 and was finally toppled by the People Power Revolution of 1986. This information eventually reached President Ronald Reagan, who placed Marcos under "island arrest", further limiting his movement. In his 1969 State of the Nation Address, he said:[215] .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. In less than 20 days however, the Sandiganbayan listed Imelda's "advanced age" and health condition as considerations for allowing the accused to post bail. Philippines election: Bongbong poised to become president as Marcos This was the last public appearance by Marcos and his family before exile. Ferdinand Marcos's political prominence would pave the way for other members of the Marcos family to be appointed or elected to various national elections - what would eventually become known as the Marcos dynasty. Two Americans, namely attorney Richard Hirschfeld and business consultant Robert Chastain, both of whom posed as arms dealers, gained knowledge of a plot by gaining Marcos's trust and secretly tape recorded their conversations with the ousted leader. The program planned to achieve this by pushing farmers to use newly developed technologies including high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, low-cost fertilizer, and herbicides. It is owned and operated by "mysterious" stockholders according to the major daily. Given that Metro Manila accounts for around 20% of the country's population, it is estimated to be responsible for at least 70% of gross national receipts. Police said he was kidnapped and slain by communist rebels. Despite opposition to the new plan, the Marcos government gained Congressional approval and Philippine troops were sent from the middle of 1966 as the Philippines Civic Action Group (PHILCAG). [406][pageneeded], In Texas, Yao also purchased a 5,000 acres of prime land in the late 1970s and early 1980s. [481] It stands in Morong, Bataan, atop Napot Point that overlooks the South China Sea. The overall economy experienced a slower growth GDP per capita, lower wage conditions and higher unemployment especially towards the end of Marcos's term after the 19831984 recession. However, Marcos's offer was rebuffed by the Aquino government and by Imelda Marcos. [citation needed], Crocker merely stated that the money came from "various Asian countries". Dictator's son Ferdinand Marcos Jr. takes oath as Philippine president [17]:41. The page has 54,961 . In the months prior, opinion on his burial at the Libingan ng Mga Bayani had been split: 50 percent of the 1,800 respondents of a survey conducted by SWS in February 2016 said Marcos "was worthy to be buried at the Libingan ng Mga Bayani" while the other half rejected a hero's burial, calling him a "thief". The marriage this week of the grandchildren of former president Ferdinand Marcos and former senator Raul Manglapus signals the end of a decades-long rivalry, Ilocos Norte Gov. The Central Bank While there is a significant body of scholarly literature on these subjects, it mostly takes the form of collections of papers, rather than comprehensive scholarly works.[52]. [216][217], The Washington Post, in an interview with former Philippine Communist Party officials, revealed that, "they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling "guests" of the (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines". [102], This began a pattern of loan-funded spending which the Marcos administration would continue until the Marcoses were deposed in 1986, resulting in economic instability still being felt today, and of debts that experts say the Philippines will have to keep paying well into 2025. [342], Victims were often taken to military "safehouses",[343] a euphemism for hidden places of torture,[344] often blindfolded. (Reuters: Erik De Castro)Mr Marcos Jr's family has long sought to rebuild its image and has repeatedly denied allegations it . Indeed, he had manipulated this American connection to sustain him during his two decades of power. [23][336] According to torture victim Rigoberto Tiglao, nearly all of the human rights abuses President Marcos has been accused of were undertaken by Philippine Constabulary units, especially through its national network of "Constabulary Security Units", whose heads reported directly to Fidel V. Ramos. [407][pageneeded] This would become the significant link between the real estate investment and the client. Fernando Martin "Borgy" Marcos Manotoc: The son of Imee Marcos-Manotoc, a commercial model and entrepreneur. [489], The head of the MMC was called a "governor", but the position was an appointive rather than an elected one. The elections were held on April 7, 1978, for the election of the 166 (of the 208) regional representatives to the Interim Batasang Pambansa (the nation's first parliament). 468, "PHL marks 29th anniversary of Aquino's assassination on Tuesday", "Marcos Was More Than Just Another Deposed Dictator", "US Department of Defense official database of Distinguished Service Cross recipients", "Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship | 31 years of amnesia", "The Soviet Union and the Philippine Communist Movement", "Cadre as informal diplomats: Ferdinand Marcos and the Soviet Bloc, 19651975", "A History of the Philippine Political Protest", "Quintero, Eduardo T. Bantayog ng mga Bayani", "Commemorating Ninoy Aquino's assassination", "Signposts in the History of Activism in the University of the Philippines", "Samahang Demokratiko ng Kabataan: some basic information", "The Communist Insurgency in the Philippines: Tactics and Talks", "The 7 deadly protests of the First Quarter Storm", "Historic role and contributions of Kabataang Makabayan NDFP", "G.R. [51][52][53], According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG),[54] the Marcos family stole US$5 billion$10 billion from the Central Bank of the Philippines. Data debunk Marcos's economic 'golden years', "Transcript of ABS-CBN Interview with Pablo Martinez, co-accused in the Aquino murder case", "Marcos Underwent Kidney Transplants, Doctors Say", "Autocrat With a Regal Manner, Marcos Ruled for 2 Decades", "Martial law: costly lessons in economic development", "NTG: 'Subversive Lives,' libro tungkol sa pinagdaanan ng Pamilya Quimpo noong Martial Law", "The Marcos legacy of fraudulent and illegitimate debts", "Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society", "History of the Philippine Sugar Industry", "The Roots of the Philippines' Economic Troubles", Structural Adjustment and Poverty Alleviation in the Philippines, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, "Code of Conduct Fundamentals for Domestic Credit Rating Agencies", "RP's biggest credit research firms form alliance", "Criminalizing Colonialism: Democracy Meets Law in Manila", "Marcos Blasts U.S. Reports He Was a Phony War Hero: American Records Fail to Back Him", "The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: IV: Military Intervention in the Philippines: 1986 1987", "Collapes of Marcos regime ends Soviet courtship", "IN SOVIET, A SHIFT TO INCREASING SUPPORT FOR MARCOS", "Gringo plotted to kill Marcos Almonte", "Enrile retracts 'Act of Contrition' he made when he thought he was facing death in 1986", "Marcos Flees and is Taken to Guam; U.S.
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